La Mayor Parte de Conductores Rideshare de California No Reciben Beneficios del Cuidado de la Salud bajo la Propuesta 22
Por Eliza McCullough y Brian Dolber de Rideshare Drivers United*
El uso de la letra “e” en vez de "a/o" cuando se refiere a una persona es intencional y es parte de nuestros principios de ser inclusivos. Se trata de asegurar que nuestres parientes trans y otres que no se identifiquen con el género binario sean incluides en nuestro reporte.
Una encuesta de más de 500 conductores revela que les conductores de viaje compartido (rideshare) de California, en particular les conductores Latines, están teniendo dificultad para tener acceso al seguro de la salud y un lugar de trabajo seguro.
En el 2020, Uber, Lyft, DoorDash, y otros gigantes de la industria tecnológica, se gastaron una cantidad sin precedentes de $220 millones para llevar a cabo una campaña de referendo para no tener que clasificar a sus trabajadores como empleades bajo la ley estatal de California, conocida como AB5. Las empresas argumentaron que la Propuesta 22 protegería la “flexibilidad” de les trabajadores que se contratan por aplicación en California, y que les proporcionaría beneficios incluyendo estipendios para seguro de salud y entrenamiento de seguridad. La Propuesta 22 fue aprobada en noviembre del 2020 con un porcentaje del 58 por ciento de los votos.
De hecho, el éxito de las empresas privó a les conductores de los derechos básicos en el trabajo, incluyendo beneficios para el cuidado de la salud, un salario mínimo por hora, y los niveles de salud y seguridad. La profesora de derecho laboral Veena Dubal le llamó a la Propuesta 22 “la ley laboral más peligrosa para les trabajadores desde la ley Taft-Hartley,” la cual restringió drásticamente a los sindicatos, argumentando que ésta crea un precedente peligroso para los niveles de empleo en todas las industrias.
Aunque la campaña de la industria se enfocó en las protecciones a les trabajadores de la Propuesta 22, estas protecciones están escasamente definidas en la ley y no son iguales a las protecciones legales dadas a les empleades. Les conductores tienen derecho a un estipendio parcial para cubrir las primas del seguro de salud, y solamente si cumplen con múltiples requisitos. [1] La propuesta 22 también requería que las empresas administren entrenamientos de seguridad a todos les conductores, y estos deben incluir información de cómo reportar situaciones de agresión y acoso sexual. Sin embargo, este requisito, es mucho más leve que las protecciones que les empleades tienen bajo la Occupational Safety and Health Act (la Ley de Sanidad y Seguridad Ocupacional). Con el brote del virus del Corona, la pérdida de seguro médico garantizado y de los niveles de seguridad en el lugar de trabajo han causado riesgos de salud sin precedente para les conductores.
Para comprender si les conductores están teniendo acceso a los beneficios, llevamos a cabo una encuesta de conductores miembros de Rideshare Drivers United (RDU), basados en California, preguntándoles acerca de su acceso al seguro de la salud, los estipendios para el seguro de la salud y los entrenamientos de seguridad. La encuesta se llevó a cabo entre el 19 de mayo y el 12 de junio del 2021, y fue completada por 531 conductores. Debido a las evidentes desigualdades raciales en los datos de la encuesta, tratamos de comprender mejor las experiencias de les conductores de color con entrevistas de seguimiento. Llevamos a cabo 10 entrevistas con conductores sin seguro quienes hayan manejado desde enero del 2021. Dos de esas entrevistas se llevaron a cabo con conductores primordialmente de habla hispana. [Para ver las citas en español, ver las anotaciones al pie de la página].
Nuestra encuesta reveló lo siguiente:
- Solamente el 10 por ciento de los encuestados reciben un estipendio, mientras que el 40 por ciento de les encuestades o nunca ha escuchado respecto a poder recibir los estipendios o no estaban seguros si habían recibido la notificación.
- Los conductores buscan las opciones de seguro público para la salud, o se privan totalmente del seguro para la salud. Veintinueve por ciento de les encuestades depende de Medi-Cal. Dieciséis por ciento de todos les encuestades no están asegurados, lo cual es el doble de la tasa nacional de personas sin seguro.
- Les Latines encuestades tienen menos posibilidad de saber respecto a los estipendios y mayor posibilidad que no estén asegurados.
- Uno de cada seis encuestades no ha recibido entrenamiento de seguridad de una empresa de entrega o rideshare.
Muchos de les conductores entrevistados expresaron frustración con los retos al tratar de conseguir seguro bajo la Propuesta 22, y la mayor parte lo ve como parte de un patrón más amplio de engaño y desconsideración hacia la fuerza laboral de parte de Uber y Lyft. En algunos casos, les conductores reportaron gran dificultad para obtener cuidado médico.
Para mejorar de inmediato el acceso al cuidado de la salud y la seguridad en el lugar de trabajo, recomendamos quitar las restricciones al estipendio para el cuidado de la salud, mejorar la transparencia en la implementación de los estipendios, enfocar ayuda a les conductores con mayor posibilidad de no estar asegurados, y mejorar la implementación de entrenamientos de seguridad. Además, se necesitan cambios a largo plazo a las políticas para crear una industria rideshare que proporcione trabajos de calidad. Les legisladores de California deberían revocar la Propuesta 22 y les legisladores de otros estados deberían prevenir que se aprueben propuestas similares a la Propuesta 22. El gobierno federal también juega un papel importante para asegurar las condiciones de trabajo justas y un salario digno para todos les trabajadores por obra, por medio de políticas como la PRO-Act, así como un programa de salud nacional de pagador único.
Una fuerza laboral en su mayoría inmigrantes y personas de color.
Entre nuestros encuestades, el 65 por ciento son personas de color, 52 por ciento nacieron fuera de los E.E.U.U., y el 37 por ciento habla primordialmente otro idioma que no es inglés. Ochenta y cinco por ciento de les encuestades conduce para Uber, el 68 por ciento conduce para Lyft, y el 59 por ciento de encuestados conduce para un servicio de entrega de alimentos (como Uber Eats, Postmates, o DoorDash). El sesenta y seis por ciento de les encuestades conduce para más de una plataforma y el 75 por ciento ha conducido desde el 1 de enero del 2021, cuando la Propuesta 22 entro en vigor. Cincuenta y uno por ciento de les encuestades eran mayores de 50 y el 21 por ciento de les encuestades eran mayores de la edad de 60, haciendo particularmente importante su acceso al seguro para la salud. No hay una fuente de información de calidad respecto a la demografía de les conductores para evaluar la representación de dicha muestra. Sin embargo, un estudio reciente de les conductores de San Francisco demuestra que, igual que la población de nuestros encuestades, la mayoría de les conductores son personas de color, inmigrantes, mayores de 30 años, y conducen para plataformas múltiples.
Uber y Lyft no notifican adecuadamente a sus conductores respecto a poder calificar para estipendios para la salud.
El cuarenta por ciento de les conductores encuestades no recuerda haber sido notificado respecto a los estipendios, con grandes diferencias entre los grupos raciales/étnicos. Les conductores Latines tienen menos posibilidad de saber respecto a los estipendios: Aproximadamente la mitad de les conductores Latines no recuerdan haber recibido ninguna notificación o no están seguros.
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Un conductor Latine de 31 años mencionó, “Nadie se comunicó conmigo para decirme lo que era”. La falta de comunicación de parte de las empresas no le sorprende. “Para ser sincero, a ellos no les importan los conductores. Yo sabía que (las promesas de la Propuesta 22) no iban a ser verdaderas.”
Quienes fueron notificados dicen haber recibido correos electrónicos o mensajes de texto de las empresas. Sin embargo, la simple información no significa acceso. Por ejemplo, un conductor de 36 años, hispanohablante en Los Ángeles, dijo: “Yo recibí un correo electrónico con la información. En la aplicación aparece también las horas que uno necesita registrar para cumplir los requisitos para el cupón. Yo también trabajé en DoorDash durante la pandemia. Yo cambiaba entre las plataformas, Uber, Lyft, DoorDash. Con Uber tengo que pasar 20 horas semanales con pasajeros para cumplir los requisitos. Ellos mintieron a los conductores respecto al seguro médico ya que yo estoy aquí, trabajando y no tengo seguro.” Las restricciones en los requisitos para la elegibilidad, además de la mala comunicación, han hecho difícil el acceso a los estipendios de seguro para muchos conductores, especialmente les conductores de color.
La Propuesta 22 redujo el acceso al cuidado de la salud: Menos de uno en cinco conductores reciben estipendios para el cuidado de la salud.
Los requisitos de la Propuesta 22 no han reparado los derechos perdidos de les trabajadores de recibir cuidado para la salud, ya que la mayoría de les conductores no reciben estipendios para el cuidado de la salud. Esto se debe en gran parte a la limitación en los requisitos para calificar para los estipendios bajo la Propuesta 22. Para poder calificar, les conductores no deben recibir cuidado de la salud por medio de Medicare, Medi-Cal, otro trabajo, o por medio de cónyuge o compañere/a. Les conductores deben conducir por lo menos 15 horas participadas por semana en una sola aplicación para recibir el estipendio mínimo. Les conductores también han reportado que deben “mostrar comprobante de seguro de la salud dentro cierto tiempo, antes de solicitar el estipendio,” indicando así que les conductores que no están asegurados podrían no calificar. Juntos, estos requisitos previenen que la mayoría de les conductores tengan acceso a los estipendios para el cuidado de la salud prometidos bajo la Propuesta 22.
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Muches conductores no son elegibles ya que sus horas se han reducido por lo tanto sus ingresos se han visto reducidos. Un conductor de 49 años en Los Ángeles, y su hijo de 18 años, ambos han estado sin seguro por nueve meses por esta razón. “Los precios han bajado a .50 cts. [por milla], así que raramente manejo estos días,” dijo.
Aunque él no votó por la Propuesta 22, la apoyaba. “pensé que recibiría seguro gratuito,” dijo. “Me siento tenso.” Él dice que su hijo tuvo una emergencia médica, y tuvo que depender de Medi-Cal, el programa de seguro público, para cubrir los gastos. “Me preocupo ya que casi cumplo 50 y no sé qué va a pasar si sigo conduciendo para Uber y Lyft.”
El conductor de habla hispana de 36 años en Los Ángeles mencionó, “Los conductores se sienten engañados. Estas empresas gastaron mucho dinero en campaña política. Ellos controlan la plataforma. Estos cambios en las empresas se ven muy bien hasta que se sabe la verdad. Las horas necesarias para cumplir los requisitos son demasiadas para ser justas. Nos mintieron. Uber ha estado haciendo demasiados cambios sin la participación de les conductores.
Un conductor de 66 años en el área de San Diego dice que no maneja lo suficiente para recibir un estipendio ya que tuvo que conseguir un trabajo adicional para subsistir. Él dice que es afortunado de vivir cerca de Tecate en la frontera de México-E.E.U.U. Él cruza la frontera para recibir cuidado asequible. “Algunos de los mejores médicos están en México,” dijo. “Lo máximo de espera son como 15 minutos.”
Entre les encuestades que han conducido desde que la Propuesta 22 entró en vigor, y no reciben seguro médico por medio de un programa público o por cónyuge, solamente el 19 por ciento reciben estipendios para el cuidado de la salud. Las personas que se identifican como de un grupo multirracial o de un grupo racial no incluido en la encuesta, fueron los que menos reciben un estipendio. Aun si solamente el 50 por ciento de les conductores cumplen con el requisito de tiempo-participado de la Propuesta 22 (un cálculo que creemos moderado), solamente un numero sorprendentemente bajo de conductores reciben los estipendios para la salud.
Algunos conductores también han dicho que los estipendios son demasiado bajos para cubrir los gastos. Un conductor de 53 años en Sacramento ha estado sin seguro desde el 2010 y ha tenido gastos médicos considerables a través de los años, incluyendo trabajo dental y cálculos en los riñones. Pero él menciona que aún con el estipendio, un plan de seguro es demasiado caro por que el estipendio solamente cubre una porción de la prima. “Yo me rehúso a pagar por algo así,” dijo. “Yo no voy a pagar para vivir. No está a mi alcance.” Él comenta que sus pagos de carro consumen gran parte de sus ingresos, haciendo que el seguro sea inasequible.
Entre todos los grupos raciales/ étnicos, les conductores Latines son los que tienen menos posibilidades de estar asegurados: un cuarto de les conductores Latines no tienen seguro para la salud.
La pérdida del derecho al seguro médico causado por la Propuesta 22 ha forzado a muches conductores a privarse del seguro médico: el dieciséis por ciento no están asegurados, lo cual es el doble de la tasa nacional de personas sin seguro. Les conductores Latines tienen más posibilidad de no tener seguro.Un cuarto de los encuestados indica no tener seguro.
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Un conductor de habla hispana de 25 años en Los Ángeles dijo, “Yo no tengo seguro de salud. No he tenido desde que trabajo para Uber. He trabajado tres años acá en los E.E.U.U., y todo ese tiempo he trabajado con Uber.
El conductor hispano hablante de 36 años en Los Ángeles mencionó que no ha tenido seguro por año y medio. Dijo “soy diabético. Tengo que prepararme mi medicina. Si no pago me toca endeudarme en los hospitales. Fui al hospital de Glendale, mi cuenta fue de $900. Recientemente cumplí los requisitos para el cuidado médico de emergencia. En un año he ido dos veces a urgencias.
Nos enteramos de que es altamente probable que los conductores dependan del sistema público: casi un tercio de les encuestados reciben seguro de salud por medio de Medi-Cal. Este dato indica que muches conductores tienen dificultad económica, ya que Medi-Cal está reservado primordialmente para les persones que están al 138 por ciento bajo el nivel de pobreza. También nos enteramos de que la mitad de les encuestades recién seguro por medio de Medi-Cal, Medicare, o por medio del cónyuge o compañere de vida, lo cual automáticamente los descalifica para recibir estipendios para el cuidado de la salud. Por medio de estos requisitos limitados, la Propuesta 22 permite que Uber y Lyft se ahorren miles de millones en costos de seguro para la salud que tenían que pagar antes que la legislación fuera promulgada.
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Uber y Lyft no proporcionan protección de seguridad adecuada a sus conductores
En lugar de las protecciones legalmente obligatorias de salud y seguridad para les empleades, la Propuesta 22 ordena entrenamiento de seguridad para les trabajadores contratados por aplicación. El noventa y tres por ciento de nuestros 531 encuestades han conducido desde el 1 de enero del 2021, cuando la propuesta entro en vigor. Por lo tanto, a Uber y Lyft se les requiere que proporcionen a estes conductores con entrenamientos de seguridad. Sin embargo, a uno de cada seis conductores que participaron en nuestra encuesta, las empresas Uber y Lyft les ha fallado en proporcionarles entrenamiento. También nos enteramos de que les conductores que se identifican como multirracial o de una raza de otra categoría no incluida en la encuesta, eran los que tenían menos posibilidades de haber recibido entrenamiento, más que otros conductores de otras razas. Este descuido es particularmente perjudicial hacia las mujeres y conductores LGBTQ, quienes tienen más posibilidad de ser sometidas a pasar por acoso y violencia en el trabajo. Sin un entrenamiento adecuado en cómo responder y reportar situaciones perjudiciales, les conductores están en riesgo de correr peligro en el trabajo.
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Para aumentar la seguridad en el lugar de trabajo y acceso al cuidado de la salud para les conductores de viaje compartido (rideshare) se necesitan cambios urgentes a la política.
Nuestros estudios revelan que la implementación de las protecciones delineadas en la Propuesta 22 son impredecibles, desiguales e inadecuadas. En lugar de corregir los problemas que les conductores contratados por aplicación enfrentan, la Propuesta 22 ha aumentado la vulnerabilidad de les conductores en cuanto a riesgos a la salud y la seguridad, así como también a sentimientos de confusión y desilusión. Esto ha sido particularmente grave entre les conductores Latines, quienes tienen menos posibilidades de estar enterados de los estipendios para el cuidado de la salud. Las empresas Rideshare y las agencias reguladoras deben comenzar inmediatamente a mejorar el acceso al cuidado de la salud y a los entrenamientos de seguridad para los conductores.
- Las empresas deben quitar las restricciones del estipendio para el cuidado de la salud. El estipendio debería cubrir el 100 por ciento de la prima de un plan promedio de Covered California Bronze. La suma total de las horas de trabajo de les conductores debería ser tomado en cuenta y no solo las horas participadas al calcular la participación para el estipendio.
- Las agencias regulatorias deben mejorar la transparencia en la implementación del estipendio, requiriendo que las empresas informen trimestralmente el porcentaje de conductores que reciben estipendios desagregándolos por raza y etnicidad para asegurarse que todos aquellos que cumplen los requisitos para un estipendio en realidad lo reciben.
- Uber, Lyft, y otras empresas deben enfocar sus enlaces comunitarios para aquellos conductores con menos posibilidades de estar asegurados. La información de cómo cumplir con los requisitos y recibir el estipendio para el cuidado de la salud debería estar disponible en múltiples idiomas y formatos.
- Las empresas Rideshare deben mejorar la implementación de los entrenamientos de seguridad asegurándose que todos les conductores reciben entrenamiento y proporcionando información pública respecto al porcentaje de conductores que han completado entrenamientos. Estos entrenamientos deberían también destacar información de como reportar situaciones de agresión o acoso sexual.
Aunque estos cambios mejoraran inmediatamente las condiciones de trabajo de millones de conductores, acciones políticas a largo plazo deben ser tomadas para crear una industria rideshare para beneficio de todos.
Les legisladores deben revocar la Propuesta 22 y clasificar nuevamente a los conductores rideshare como empleados, restaurándoles todos los derechos laborales que se les quitaron al aprobarla. Uber, Lyft y otras empresas de trabajos por obra ya están financiando campañas para legislación similar a la Propuesta 22 en Nueva York, Massachussets, Illinois y otros estados a nivel nacional. Legisladores estatales y partidarios laborales deben proteger los derechos cruciales de los conductores y prevenir la aprobación de esta legislación.
Aun sin la reclasificación de los conductores como contratistas independientes por medio de esta legislación, las protecciones actuales no son suficientes: Los legisladores federales deben asegurar condiciones justas de trabajo y un salario de vida para todos los trabajadores de obra por medio de políticas como la Pro Act.
Les legisladores deberían establecer un programa nacional de salud de pagador único, así como también programas orientados hacia la ciudadanía para proporcionar a todos en los E.E. U.U. cobertura completa para asegurar que les trabajadores de todas las industrias tengan acceso gratuito a un cuidado de salud de calidad.
*Brian Dolber es un profesor adjunto de Comunicaciones en la Universidad Estatal de San Marcos, y un organizador de Rideshare Drivers United. Rideshare Drivers United es una asociación independiente de conductores de US rideshare unidos para exigir pagos más altos y derechos en el lugar de trabajo para todos les conductores (de vehículos compartidos) rideshare.
Esta encuesta es la primera en una serie de análisis coproducidos por National Equity Atlas y Rideshare Drivers United que examinan el impacto a les conductores rideshare por la Propuesta 22. Los autores desean agradecer a Sarah Treuhaft y Michelle Huang de PolicyLink, Carla Tapia de Rideshare Drivers United y Justin Scoggins de Equity Research Institute.
Notes
(1) La Propuesta 22 requiere que las empresas de entregas y de vehículos de viaje compartido (rideshare) paguen un estipendio mensual del 82 por ciento de la prima mensual promedio del plan Covered California Bronze (el nivel más bajo de los planes disponible por medio del intercambio a nivel estatal) para les conductores que han estado ocupados un promedio de más de 25 horas por semana. Tiempo ocupado se define como el tiempo que les conductores pasan desde que recogen a un pasajero hasta que lo dejan en su destino y no incluye el tiempo pasado entre viaje y viaje. Para les conductores con un promedio de por lo menos 15 pero menos de 25 horas de tiempo ocupado, las empresas tienen que pagar un estipendio del 41 por ciento de la prima promedio. Les conductores que trabajan menos de 15 horas de tiempo ocupado por semana no cumplen los requisitos para un estipendio, lo mismo para les conductores que reciben seguro para la salud por medio de Medicare o Medi-Cal, de otro trabajo o por medio de su compañere.
Everyone Wins When Our Elected Officials Reflect the Diversity of the Region
While California congratulates Governor Newsom for keeping his post in the recall election last week, we’re taking a moment to appreciate Californians for showing up to vote for our shared future. Voter turnout is always difficult, important work — and one of the difficulties in turning people out to vote in the recall election was that people don’t feel represented by their elected officials.
By Michelle Huang and Kimi Lee of Bay Rising
Our region’s biggest problems — overpolicing in Black, Indigenous, and people-of-color communities, violence against Asian American and Pacific Islander elders, working-class people and renters being left behind during the pandemic — all require community-led voices and solutions. Especially in the context of local budget shortfalls, having elected officials with knowledge of the experiences of our communities is key to more equitable distribution of resources and priorities.
This is why we need people in office who reflect our diversity and values — including people who are Black, Latinx, Asian, immigrants, queer, and people with disabilities. While representation does not automatically mean equitable policies, it can make a difference. For instance, in San Jose in June 2021, where all districts are majority of-color, the six city councilmembers of color voted to defer the decision on the Berryessa BART Urban Village Plan in support of Latinx organizers’ and La Pulga vendors’ ability to negotiate for fairer agreements, while the four white city councilmembers and the mayor voted against it. La Pulga is home to over 400 largely Latinx and Asian-owned businesses.
For the past four years, the Bay Area Equity Atlas has tracked data on the diversity of elected officials in the Bay Area. Our analysis from the 2020 elections found that across the region, voters elected more people of color to office, following a steady trend over several years. About 34 percent of top elected officials in the Bay Area are now people of color, up from 29 percent in 2019 and 26 percent in 2018.
Despite this steady increase, people of color remain vastly underrepresented, given that they are roughly two-thirds of the Bay’s population. And just over a quarter of Bay Area cities still have zero people of color on their councils.
There is still much work to do. Corporate money, funneled into local elections and coupled with limited access to expertise and financial support for new candidates, makes it challenging for everyday people, renters, community leaders, and people not well-connected to political parties to run and win campaigns.
We know the solutions. We need campaign finance reforms, leadership development programs for those historically excluded from power, and more voter education and voting options to grow the number of community candidates running for office as well as voter participation.
Of these, campaign finance reforms stand out as especially timely. The 2020 federal elections saw more Wall Street financing than any other election cycle in US history, but that corporate money wasn’t reserved for just the presidential race — many millions showed up in both state and local races in the Bay, making it extremely hard for a diversity of candidates to run viable campaigns. For example, in 2020, wealthy donors raised over $300,000 to spend on Oakland school board races, where those same races used to be won with campaigns spending thousands of dollars, not hundreds of thousands. To counteract this trend, we need campaign finance reform that sets limits on corporate contributions, requires transparent budgets and ads, and promotes public financing.
Bay Area policymakers must pass policies that result in more candidates from underrepresented communities getting elected to city and county offices. We deserve to be represented by leaders who reflect our realities.
Kimi Lee is the Executive Director of Bay Rising, a regional alliance of over 30 Bay Area grassroots organizations building political power among working-class people and communities of color. Michelle Huang is an Associate with PolicyLink who provides data and research support as part of PolicyLink’s National Equity Atlas team.
An Equitable Recovery Means Ensuring the Economic Security and Prosperity of All Workers, Especially those Hardest Hit by the Pandemic
Our new analysis highlights how communities of color and low-income communities not only suffered the greatest job losses, but are also most likely to be behind on rent.
By Jamila Henderson
The Covid-19 pandemic and economic shutdown brought about an unprecedented rise in unemployment in the Bay Area and across the country. While some people have returned to work, unemployment remains higher than pre-pandemic levels, and the economic burden of unemployment and lost wages continues to weigh on many families and their ability to pay rent and other necessities. This is especially true for the region’s most vulnerable residents who are disproportionately low-income people of color and immigrants (especially undocumented workers). Typical data sources used to report on the state of equity are often lagged by several years. This analysis addresses the current crisis by including recent indicators on the state of equitable recovery in the Bay Area region and across the state.
Latinx and Black Workers Face Greater Health and Economic Risks Working Essential Jobs During the Pandemic
The Covid-19 pandemic has revealed long-standing racial segregation within the regional workforce. Workers of color are overrepresented among essential occupations—such as grocery store workers, healthcare professionals, bus drivers, and janitors—placing them at far greater risk of exposure to the virus. Workers of color are also disproportionately represented in lower-wage jobs that are less likely to provide benefits like health insurance, paid sick and family leave, and disability insurance.
Black Workers, Women, and Workers with Less Education Suffered the Greatest Job Losses
The pandemic also brought about significant racial and gender inequities in unemployment as illustrated by research from the California Policy Lab. Women across the state face higher unemployment rates and have disproportionately left the labor force to assume childcare responsibilities. Between March 2020 and February 2021, one third of women in the labor force statewide applied for regular unemployment insurance, compared with 27 percent of men. About 40 percent of California’s Black workers filed for regular unemployment insurance during the pandemic, the highest rate of any group and more than one-and-a-half times the rate of White workers (24 percent). Virtually all Black workers in the state with no post-secondary education filed for regular unemployment insurance (95 percent).
Bay Area PPP Loan Recipients Tend to be Large Employers, Leaving Small Businesses (Especially Those Owned by People of Color) Behind
An Associated Press analysis of Paycheck Protection Program (PPP) recipients across the nation revealed that businesses owned by people of color were last in line to receive PPP loans in 2020 because of barriers accessing the program’s banking institutions, or in some instances, multiple rejections or no response at all from banks. The analysis also showed that White business owners were more likely to secure loans early. Loan recipients in the Bay Area tended to be businesses with many employees, and most small businesses, especially those owned by Black, Latinx, Native American, and mixed-race owners, are single-person businesses with no additional employees.
Between January 2020 and February 2021, small business revenue across the region took a hit, and many businesses closed their doors permanently. Only Napa County saw an increase in small business revenue, but also a 25 percent drop in the number of businesses open. The decline was most severe in San Francisco, where only about half of businesses were open and revenues declined 56 percent.
Tenants Behind on Rent are Overwhelmingly Low-Wage Workers of Color Who’ve Suffered Job Losses During the Pandemic
The impact of the economic shutdown has been especially harsh for vulnerable renters. Facing job or income losses, most renters will do what it takes to pay their rent and keep a roof over their head, even if it means accumulating debt for other unpaid bills. Even so, it is inevitable that some of these renters will fall behind on rent without unemployment benefits and strong renter protections in place. People of color and low-income renters have been disproportionately impacted by the recession and are more likely to be behind on rent. 73 percent of those behind on rent earn less than $75,000 per year, and 70 percent are people of color.
The magnitude of the problem is great. An estimated 135,000 Bay Area households—12 percent of renter households are behind on rent. Absent strong worker and renter protections, they could face eviction and indebtedness. Collectively, these renters owe an estimated $747 million in rent debt, an average of over $5,500 per household behind on rent.
Economic Recovery Begins by Prioritizing Racial and Economic Equity
In the Bay Area, as elsewhere, the coronavirus and its economic fallout have disproportionately impacted the very same people who were on the economic margins before the pandemic, including Black, Latinx, and Native American residents, low-wage workers, and immigrant communities (especially undocumented workers). For the region to recover and thrive, policymakers must prioritize racial equity. This includes explicitly naming racial equity as a goal, prioritizing investments in historically underserved communities, building community ownership of land and housing, connecting unemployed and low-wage workers with good jobs, and supporting businesses owned by people of color and immigrants. Learn more here.
March 2021
Fact Sheet: Preventing Eviction and Indebtedness in California
Overview
This fact sheet was created in partnership with Housing NOW! California, to support their work to advance policies that protect renters at risk of eviction during the Covid-19 emergency. This document was published in March 2021. You can also view the January 2021 version of the fact sheet here. Key findings include:
- 814,200 million California renter households were behind on rent in January 2021, down from 1.1 million households in December 2020.
- Californian renters face an estimated $2.4 billion in rent debt, approximately $2,900 per household.
- The vast majority of renters who are behind have experienced job and income losses during the pandemic: 80 percent have lost employment income.
- 77 percent of renters who are behind are people of color, and 77 percent earn less than $50,000. Only 6 percent of households with incomes $75,000 or more are behind on rent.
See the accompanying methodology and Spanish version.
Learn more about Housing NOW! California.
Tackling Structural Racism Key to an Equitable Recovery in California
Data on unemployment filings in California reveals how the Black working class has been hardest hit by the Covid recession, underscoring the need for targeted, race-conscious recovery strategies.
By Eliza McCullough
While the economic crisis has affected a startling number of workers, workers of color and low-wage workers have been hit the hardest. In California, 8.7 million workers (nearly 45 percent of the labor force) have filed for unemployment insurance (UI) since the start of the pandemic in March 2020. But job displacement has varied dramatically by race and education, as illustrated by the California Policy Lab’s recent analysis of UI claims data. This post highlights how California’s Black workers are experiencing disproportionate unemployment in the Covid recession due to structural racism embedded in the labor market, and describes policy priorities to ensure an equitable recovery.
About 85 percent of California’s Black workforce has filed for unemployment at some point since March 15th, which is more than double the rate for White, Latinx, and Asian or Pacific Islander workers. This includes workers who filed for either regular UI or Pandemic Unemployment Assistance (PUA), a program created by the CARES Act to extend benefits to workers not usually eligible for regular UI.*
This unemployment crisis for Black workers in a time of economic contraction threatens to increase already-wide racial inequities in employment. Structural racism embedded in the US labor market has created barriers to employment for Black workers that predate the current recession, ranging from employer bias and discrimination to residential segregation and mass incarceration. Black workers are typically the group hardest hit by economic downturns and are often the last to recover, as evidenced during the Great Recession when Black workers disproportionately suffered from long-term unemployment. The current economic crisis has most negatively impacted the hospitality, retail, and tourism sectors, industries in which Black workers are concentrated due in large part to discriminatory public policies that restricted Black workers’ access to better-paying jobs in other industries (a phenomenon known as “occupational segregation”). As these service sectors have gone through massive lay-offs, Black employees have been subject to the “last hired, first fired” phenomenon in which low-wage positions are the first to be eliminated.
Further disaggregating the data by race and educational attainment, we see that racial inequities are particularly extreme among workers without four-year degrees. Workers of all races with lower education levels have been hardest hit by the Covid recession: More than half of California workers with a high school degree or less (who account for 38 percent of all workers in the state) have filed for unemployment since March 2020 compared to 13 percent of workers with a Bachelor’s degree or higher. But unemployment filings are particularly high for Black workers without post-secondary education: virtually all Black workers with a high school degree or less (99 percent) have filed for unemployment, along with 75 percent of Asian or Pacific Islander workers with this level of education, compared with 52 percent of White workers and 33 percent of Latinx workers.
Black workers are overrepresented in lower education groups due to deep-seated structures of racial exclusion which have created significant barriers to accessing higher education. Residential segregation, perpetuated by exclusionary zoning, has led to the concentration of low-income Black children in schools with inadequate resources, which researchers have found is the key driver of the educational achievement gap. Along with the rising costs of college, these barriers prevent many Black students from accessing post-secondary education. As middle-wage jobs have shrunk in recent decades, Black workers with no higher education have been pushed into low-wage, ‘flexible’ positions with minimal protections. These jobs have been most impacted by wage cuts, diminished hours, and layoffs during the current economic crisis.
Toward an Equitable Economic Recovery
Black workers and other workers of color are in dire need of increased supports in California and nationwide. Policymakers and business leaders must take action to address immediate economic needs as we enter the eleventh month of the pandemic. At the same time, they must launch forward-thinking, race-conscious strategies that lay the foundation for an equitable recovery and future economy. We recommend the following:
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Continue expanded UI benefits and provide direct cash support. Additional UI payments under the Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation program should be increased back to $600/week (as provided from March to July). Additional and ongoing direct payments, such as the one-time $1,200 payments included in the CARES Act, could also provide a lifeline to unemployed workers and Black workers who are less likely to have adequate savings to fall back on.
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Prevent evictions and foreclosures and provide debt relief to Covid-impacted households. As unemployed workers are more likely to be behind on rent and California’s Black renters are already paying unaffordable rent, policymakers must extend eviction moratoriums and provide rent debt relief. Limited rental assistance funds should be targeted to the hardest-hit households, particularly those in predominantly Black neighborhoods and neighborhoods of color, to prevent displacement and homelessness.
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Protect existing jobs. Multiple cities have passed legislation to ensure that laid-off workers in low-wage sectors can return to their former jobs. For example, Oakland’s Right to Recall policy requires employers in hospitality and travel to give laid-off workers priority when operations resume. Similar policies that protect jobs across sectors should also be implemented at the state and federal levels to ensure low-wage workers do not suffer from long-term joblessness or decreases in income and benefits.
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Build worker power. Unions have been shown to reduce racial inequality and provide economic security for Black workers. California policymakers must repeal Prop 22, which misclassifies app-based drivers as independent contractors and prevents their access to basic labor protections. Legislation that empowers workers, such as AB3075 which holds employers more accountable for wage theft, should be strengthened and expanded to ensure that recessions are less catastrophic for low-wage workers. Finally, California must increase funding for enforcement of labor and employment laws while also making state financial support for businesses conditional based on compliance with those laws.
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Create high-quality public jobs accessible to unemployed workers. A Federal Job Guarantee would ensure everyone has access to living-wage jobs while meeting the physical and care infrastructure needs of disinvested communities. Policymakers should take immediate steps to support unemployed workers through direct job creation in crucial sectors, like the Public Health Jobs Corp program proposed by President-elect Biden.
- Expand access to upskilling opportunities and stable career pathways. Policymakers should proactively connect unemployed workers to good jobs by investing in workforce development, including higher education and training programs that reach Black workers, and enacting community workforce agreements on state-funded projects. Programs such as California’s Breaking Barriers to Employment Initiative, which funds workforce development programs for those with barriers to employment, should be strengthened and expanded while business leaders should commit to advancing equitable employment practices and offering good job opportunities to workers hard-hit by the pandemic.
*The California Employment Development Department defines workforce as all individuals residing in California who worked at least one hour per month for a wage or salary, were self-employed, or worked at least 15 unpaid hours per month in a family business. Those who were on vacation or on other kinds of leave were also included.
November 2020
For an Equitable Recovery, Invest in New Mexican Workers
Overview
The outbreak of Covid-19 has shone a spotlight on the persistent inequities facing people of color across the nation, including those in New Mexico. The economic shock caused by the pandemic occurred at a time when low-wage workers in New Mexico were already struggling with flat paychecks and exorbitant costs for basic needs like housing and health care. Just like the coronavirus crisis itself, the economic crisis is hitting workers of color in New Mexico, particularly Native American workers, the hardest as they experience more layoffs and greater financial hardship than White workers. As New Mexico state leaders begin to address the widespread economic impact of Covid-19, they should capitalize on this moment to create both immediate and long-term opportunities for low-income people and people of color. Download the brief to learn more about the ways workers of color in San Juan County have been impacted by the coronavirus, and how investing in workforce training should be a core element of New Mexico’s COVID-19 recovery strategy.
September 2020
The Coming Wave of Covid-19 Evictions: State and Local Fact Sheets
Overview
Over one third of residents in the United States are renters, including the majority of Black and Latino residents. Many renters were already facing a crisis due to soaring rents before the pandemic, and they have been hit hard by the virus and its economic impacts. Without long-term eviction protections, these renters are at risk of being caught in a coming wave of evictions which could force them out of their neighborhoods or even onto the street. In partnership with Our Homes, Our Health, the National Equity Atlas team created a series of fact sheets to support their work across the country to advance policies that protect renters at risk of eviction during the Covid-19 emergency. Our Homes, Our Health is a collaborative initiative of the National Housing Justice Grassroots Table, including the Center for Popular Democracy, Partnership for Working Families, People’s Action, the Right to the City Alliance, and Alliance for Housing Justice.
You can download fact sheets for the following states: California, Colorado, Kansas, Kentucky, Oregon, and Washington. Fact sheets for the following local geographies are also available for download: Bay Area, CA; Bedford County, TN, Contra Costa County, CA, San Mateo County, CA, and Sonoma County, CA. More fact sheets to come.
See the accompanying methodology for the state fact sheets. For the county fact sheets, please see the notes at the end of the individual fact sheets for a link to the methodology.
A Profile of Frontline Workers in Santa Clara County
Our analysis of the demographics of the essential workforce in Santa Clara County reveals that the workers on the frontlines of the pandemic are disproportionately Latinx, Filipinx, Vietnamese, and women of color, and face economic vulnerabilities.
The coronavirus is disproportionately impacting populations, locally and nationally, including those who are low-income, Black and Latinx, and people with underlying health conditions. In Santa Clara County, Latinx residents account for 27 percent of the population but 38 percent of those who tested positive for the virus, according to county data. A recent study showed that early deaths from COVID-19 hit residents in four East San Jose zip codes, which are largely Latinx, particularly hard. One-third of early COVID-19 deaths in the county occurred in these four zip codes alone. These are the neighborhoods where residents grapple with high poverty and where local leaders have gone on record citing the lack of protective gear, health insurance, and inadequate health care for essential workers.
Our analysis of the demographics of frontline workforce in Santa Clara County reveals that these workers are more likely to live in or near poverty, pay too much for housing, and lack health insurance. The data in this post draws from our Profile of Frontline Workers in the Bay Area, based on data from the 2014-2018 American Community Survey provided by the Center for Economic and Policy Research. You can access the data for Santa Clara County here.
There are 245,500 essential workers in Santa Clara County — one-quarter of all county workers — spread across 11 industries, largely in health care, manufacturing, construction, grocery, and childcare and social services.
Latinx workers account for nearly one quarter of the workforce in Santa Clara County (24 percent) but are overrepresented in frontline industries (36 percent). Latinx workers are heavily concentrated in agriculture (77 percent), building cleaning services and waste management (76 percent), construction (63 percent), and domestic work (58 percent). This trend was similar regionwide, but Latinx overrepresentation in these industries was higher in Santa Clara County.
Although not overrepresented in essential industries overall, Asian or Pacific Islander (API) and Black workers are concentrated in specific frontline industries in the county. API workers account for 37 of all workers in the county but are overrepresented in manufacturing (45 percent) and health care (44 percent). API workers regionwide are similarly concentrated in health care and manufacturing, as well as in the trucking, warehouse, and postal service industry. Black workers account for 3 percent of workers in the county but are concentrated in the public transit (7 percent) and trucking, warehouse, and postal service (6 percent) industries, which is similar to regional trends.
White workers are not concentrated in essential industries overall but in utilities specifically, an industry with higher median earnings and a higher share of college educated workers, compared with other essential industries. This mirrors regional trends.
Immigrants account for about half (48 percent) of the workforce in Santa Clara County and a comparable share of the essential workforce (49 percent). Within specific industries however, including building cleaning services and waste management (67 percent) and domestic work (67 percent), immigrants account for the majority of workers. This is also the case, but to a lesser degree, in the agricultural (55 percent) and construction (55 percent) industries. At the regional level, immigrants account for well below half (37 percent) of the workforce and are concentrated in these and several other essential industries.
Women of color in the county account for a larger share of the essential workforce (37 percent) than the workforce overall (30 percent). This was also the case for the region overall. Specifically, Asian or Pacific Islander women account for 16 percent of all Santa Clara County workers but 31 percent of health-care workers, 26 percent of childcare and social services workers, and 21 percent of workers in select manufacturing industries. Latina workers account for 11 percent of the county’s workforce, but 43 percent of building cleaning and waste management workers, 27 percent of childcare and social services workers, 24 percent of agricultural workers, and 20 percent of workers in the grocery industry. Black or African American women account for only 1 percent of the workforce in Santa Clara County, but triple the share in the childcare and social services (3 percent) and health care (3 percent) industries.
“I am in greater demand, spread thin, stressed out. I have been working, as an essential worker. My young adult children have not and require financial assistance.”
– Nurse, Los Gatos, Santa Clara County
Latino men, who account for 14 percent of the county’s workforce are also heavily concentrated in frontline industries: 62 percent of construction workers, 52 percent of agricultural workers, 37 percent of trucking, warehouse, and postal service workers, 33 percent of building cleaning services and waste management workers, and 22 percent of workers in the grocery industry. These county trends reflect trends at the regional level.
As a group, Asian workers in Santa Clara County are underrepresented in frontline industries. This is the case regionally, although to a lesser degree. Within the county’s Asian population, Vietnamese and Filipinx workers are overrepresented in most essential industries. Similar trends exist Bay Area wide for Filipinx workers but not Vietnamese workers. Santa Clara County Vietnamese workers account for 18 percent of Asian workers in the county but are overrepresented among these workers in several essential industries: construction (38 percent); childcare and social services (29 percent); trucking, warehouse, and postal service (26 percent); utilities (26 percent); manufacturing (25 percent); grocery (24 percent); and others. Santa Clara County Filipinx workers account for 15 percent of Asian workers in the county but are overrepresented among Asian workers in nearly every industry except for construction (12 percent). This was generally the case for Filipinx workers regionwide as well.
Chinese workers account for 26 percent of all Asian workers in the county but are underrepresented among Asian workers in essential industries overall. Chinese workers are heavily concentrated among Asian agricultural workers (42 percent), however. At the regional level, Chinese workers are more likely to be concentrated in construction than agriculture. Korean workers are 4 percent of Asian workers in Santa Clara County but are underrepresented among Asian workers in essential industries. Korean workers account for 9 percent of Asian workers in construction, a higher share than regionwide.
Indian workers account for over one-quarter of the Asian workforce in Santa Clara County, but are generally not overrepresented in essential industries (and therefore not included in the chart above).
Santa Clara County essential workers are more economically and socially vulnerable than workers overall. They are more likely to lack college degrees, rent rather than own their home, pay more than they can afford in rent, and work part time. They are also more likely to care for a senior at home, live in or near poverty, and lack English proficiency, health insurance, and internet access. Sixteen percent of all frontline workers live below 200 percent of the poverty level (about $48,000 for a family of four) compared with 12 percent of all workers. Frontline workers also earn less: These workers have median earnings of $55,935 compared with $79,076 across all industries. These figures largely match regional trends.
Essential workers are more likely to lack health insurance (8 percent) compared with workers overall (6 percent), but even more stark are the uninsured rates within frontline industries. Workers that are particularly vulnerable include those in the agricultural, construction, building cleaning services and waste management, and domestic work industries, where the uninsured rates are as high as 21 percent (agricultural industry). Regionwide, these same industries have the highest uninsured rates.
For frontline workers to be healthy and economically secure they need proper protective gear and testing, paid sick leave and affordable health care, living wages, childcare and elder care, and secure housing. Santa Clara County is now offering free COVID-19 testing for all residents 18 years of age and older regardless of symptoms, which is a step in the right direction. South Bay representative Assemblymember Ash Kalra and state and local leaders have introduced two proposals to bolster workers’ rights and protect working families:
- AB 3216 would provide emergency paid sick leave, expand access to family leave, and create a right of recall for workers laid off in industries impacted by COVID-19.
- A partial income replacement program for undocumented workers who experienced COVID-19 job losses and were excluded from state and federal unemployment benefits. This proposal is supported by a state coalition of worker and immigrant rights organizations with the Safety Net for All coalition.
Learn more about actions that employers and state and local government should take to support frontline workers and provide for the common good.